Fischer's Way: The Next Level
2008
Journal of Ethics: An International Philosophical Review
I present an analogy between analytic philosophy and a particular sort of computer game, and analyze some aspects of John Martin Fischer's 'My Way' in the light of this analogy. I set out the different levels of the free-will question, and explore how well Fischer does on them. On the compatibility level, he succeeds, in my view, in confronting the "metaphysical challenge" and the "manipulation challenge", but does less well with the "moral arbitrariness challenge". The compatibilist perspective captures only part of the moral and personal truth on the compatibility issue, and is shown to be inherently shallow. On the next levels we see that Fischer confronts particular dangers: the very virtues that make his minimalist position so resilient on the second (compatibility) level, render it too impoverished when it comes to the third, which asks about the very importance of taking moral responsibility seriously. Connecting to other positions (such as P. F. Strawson's version of naturalism) may be an imperative, but would also be risky. Likewise, on the fourth level, where we confront the difficulty of deciding how to deal with the previous conclusions, it is doubtful how well Fischer can do, given his previous philosophical commitments.
"Fischer's Way: The Next Level", in a symposium on John Martin Fischer's My Way, Journal of Ethics 12 (2008 ): 147-155.
Free Will and Fairness
2008
Essays on Free Will and Moral Responsibility
Fairness is a central concept in contemporary discourse. "It isn't fair" is a familiar complaint, which can be heard whenever children play games, just as from politicians asking for "equal time" on television. Moral and political philosophy also takes fairness very seriously: John Rawls famously said that "Justice Is Fairness". In the free will debate, however, the notion of fairness has received much less attention. I wish to make some preliminary moves towards correcting this relative neglect. Exploring the connections between the concern for fairness and the free will problem should help us to deepen our understanding of this problem. I shall argue that there is more than one interpretation of fairness that is salient in the free will issue, and that explicating this should help us to see what aiming for fairness might mean in the free will context.
"Free Will and Fairness", in Nick Trakakis and Daniel Cohen, eds., Essays on Free Will and Moral Responsibility. Cambridge: Scholars Publishing, 2008.
More Prepunishment For Compatibilists: A Reply to Beebee
2008
Analysis
I have argued that compatibilism has difficulties resisting prepunishment, and that it is thus a much more radical view than is typically presented and perceived. Helen Beebee presented two counterarguments, which I examine.
"More Prepunishment For Compatibilists: A Reply to Beebee", Analysis 68 (2008 ): 260-263.
Prepunishment For Compatibilists: A Reply to Kearns
2008
Analysis
I have argued that compatibilism cannot resist in a principled way the temptation to prepunish people, and that it thus emerges as a much more radical view than is typically presented and perceived; and is at odds with fundamental moral intuitions. Stephen Kearns has replied, and in the present paper I examine his arguments.
"Prepunishment For Compatibilists: A Reply to Kearns", Analysis 68 (2008 ): 254-257.
Determinism and Prepunishment: The Radical Nature of Compatibilism
2007
Analysis
I argue that compatibilism cannot resist in a principled way the temptation to prepunish people. Compatibilism thus emerges as a much more radical view than it is typically presented and perceived, and is seen to be at odds with fundamental moral intuitions. The traditional compatibilist stance, according to which determinism does not really change anything, morally, is thereby 'shown' to be false.
"Determinism and Prepunishment: The Radical Nature of Compatibilism", Analysis 67 (2007 ): 347-349.
The Paradox of Beneficial Retirement: A Reply to Lenman
2007
Ratio: An International Journal of Analytic Philosophy
In "The Paradox of Beneficial Retirement" I proposed a personal and moral paradox about integrity and retirement. This paradox raises the disturbing prospect that many people (perhaps even the majority, in many professions) ought to seriously consider retiring, because they are likely to be replaced by someone who will do their work better than they do it. In "Why I Have No Plans to Retire: In Defence of Moderate Professional Complacency", James Lenman argues that my argument does not succeed. I examine his arguments, and conclude that they do not significantly affect the salience of the paradox.
"The Paradox of Beneficial Retirement: A Reply to Lenman", Ratio 20 (2007 ): 348-351.
Control, Desert, and the Difference Between Distributive and Retributive Justice
2006
Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition
Why is it that we think today so very differently about distributive and retributive justice? Why is the notion of desert so neglected in our thinking about distributive justice, while it remains fundamental in almost every account of retributive justice? I wish to take up this relatively neglected issue, and put forth two proposals of my own, based upon the way control functions in the two spheres.
"Control, Desert, and the Difference Between Distributive and Retributive Justice", Philosophical Studies 131 (2006 ): 511-524.
Some Thoughts on Terrorism, Moral Complaint, and the Self-reflexive and Relational Nature of Morality
2006
Philosophia: Philosophical Quarterly of Israel
The contemporary discussion of terrorism has been dominated by deontological and consequentialist arguments. Building upon my previous work on a paradox concerning moral complaint, I try to broaden the perspectives through which we view the issues. The direction that seems to me as most promising is a self-reflexive, conditional, and, to some extent, relational emphasis. What one is permitted to do to others would depend not so much on some absolute code constraining actions or on the estimate of what would optimize overall the resulting well-being but on the precedents that the past actions of those others provided, on the relationships among the participants, on tacit or explicit offers and possible agreements among them, and on the reciprocity (or lack thereof) that ensues.
"Some Thoughts on Terrorism, Moral Complaint, and the Self-reflexive and Relational Nature of Morality", Philosophia 34 (2006): 65-74.
Choice-Egalitarianism and the Paradox of the Baseline: A Reply to Manor
2005
Analysis
I made two claims against CE. First, that under careful analysis, CE compels us to bring about states of affairs so unacceptable that the position becomes absurd. By virtue of its very conceptual structure, CE gives us manifestly wrong instructions. Second, that CE?s hope of reconciling a strong egalitarianism with robust personal choice and something like the prevailing market economy is a chimera. Manor?s paper does not dispute my second claim. Indeed, his own claim, that in fact CE leads to something close to strict equality, supports my pessimism about CE?s reconciliation project. My reply to Manor therefore focuses on his denial of my ?rst claim, that choice-egalitarianism leads to absurdity.
"Choice-Egalitarianism and the Paradox of the Baseline: A Reply to Manor", Analysis 65 (2005): 333-337.
On Not Being Sorry about the Morally Bad
2005
Philosophy
Bad things often happen, and morally good people ought to be sorry that they happen. People are sometimes morally permitted not to do anything about such bad things, not to have to struggle to prevent them from occurring. But what could be more obvious to a good person than that one ought to be sorry about the occurrence of bad things? Even more so, it would seem, if the bad things occur in one?s vicinity, or one is involved with them. I shall argue that sometimes it is morally permissible not to be sorry when bad things happen. Perhaps it is even permissible to be happy about it
"On Not Being Sorry about the Morally Bad", Philosophy 80 (2005 ): 261-5.
The Paradox of Beneficial Retirement
2005
Ratio: An International Journal of Analytic Philosophy
Morally, when should one retire from one's job? The surprising answer may be ''now''. It is commonly assumed that for a person who has acquired professional training at some personal effort, is employed in a task that society considers useful, and is working hard at it, no moral problem arises about whether that person should continue working. I argue that this may be a mistake: within many professions and pursuits, each one among the majority of those positive, productive, hard working people ought to consider leaving his or her job.
"The Paradox of Beneficial Retirement", Ratio 18 (2005 ): 332-337.
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